Smart and social? Assessing social value in the EU LEADER programme in rural Estonia

This study explores how the LEADER programme in rural Estonia aligns with the concept of smart rurality by leveraging technology, innovation, and collaborative governance to address rural development challenges. Specifically, it investigates the social value created through grassroots approaches, focusing on how Local Action Groups (LAGs) foster social cohesion, trust, and regional resilience. Using a qualitative methodology, 26 semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with representatives of LAGs, local government officials, and entrepreneurs across Estonia. The findings reveal that the LEADER programme empowers stakeholders by aligning development initiatives with local needs, fostering social cohesion, and building trust within communities. Estonia’s LAGs have successfully reduced bureaucracy, enhanced cross-sector collaboration, and ensured efficient resource use. However, challenges such as favouritism and a lack of transparency persist, reflecting broader critiques of the programme across Europe. By framing these findings within the concept of smart rurality, the study demonstrates how collaborative governance and social innovation contribute to rural resilience. Estonia’s experience highlights the potential of regionally tailored solutions to balance social, economic, and environmental priorities. The study concludes by advocating for further research using mixed methods to engage diverse stakeholders, improve the evaluation of social value, and advance inclusive and sustainable rural development. In addition, recommendations for advancing rural development practices are provided, emphasizing strategies to enhance inclusivity, transparency, and alignment with sustainability goals.