Effects of Variable Thermal Conductivity and Viscous Dissipation on MHD Casson Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Over a Stretching Cylinder With Nonlinear Thermal Radiation

ABSTRACT In this study, the heat and mass transfer rates in electrically conducting Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid flows () were investigated, considering various factors such as variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, chemical reactions, Darcy–Forchheimer flow, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The use of ternary hybrid nanofluids, combining aluminum oxide, copper nanoparticles, and titanium oxide in blood, can significantly improve thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency, making them useful in engineering fields such as heat exchangers, aerospace, renewable energy, and electronic cooling. The study focuses on the effects of nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, Soret number, chemical reactions, Darcy–Forchheimer effect, and curvature on the flow of Casson fluid over a stretching cylinder. The partial differential equations governing the system are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a similarity variable and solved using the Sixth‐Order Runge–Kutta (RK6) method in MATLAB, validated against previous studies for accuracy. The analysis includes the impact of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, as well as skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. A higher Casson parameter leads to an increased yield stress, resulting in greater resistance and a reduction in the velocity distribution. Variable thermal conductivity, nonlinear thermal radiation, Eckert number, and nanoparticle volume fraction improve heat transfer. Higher nanoparticle concentrations increase thermal conductivity, leading to improved heat transfer and higher Nusselt numbers.