Phase-Selective Growth of Violet Phosphorus Crystals via Sn–Bi Flux

Violet phosphorus (VP), an allotrope of phosphorus, is a two-dimensional van der Waals layered semiconducting material with a tunable band gap ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 eV. Despite its potential for optoelectronic applications, the scalable synthesis of phase-pure, high-quality VP crystals remains a major challenge due to competition from other phosphorus allotropes during growth. Here, we report a phase-selective synthesis strategy based on a Sn-Bi binary metal flux, enabling the growth of VP single crystals with lateral dimensions of up to 5 mm. Our approach leverages the presence of Sn in Bi flux to suppress the nucleation of undesired allotropes, thereby promoting the selective formation of VP. The VP crystals exhibit exceptional quality, as confirmed by a narrow full width at half-maximum of 0.098° for the (004) plane in X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the VP-based phototransistor demonstrates an ultrahigh detectivity of ∼1.68 × 10<sup>15</sup> cm Hz<sup>0.5</sup> W<sup>-1</sup> under a 458 nm (2.70 eV) laser irradiation, with a fast response time of 1.05 ms. These results highlight the optoelectronic potential of VP and the importance of phase purity and crystallinity in achieving a high-performance device, enabled by our phase-selective synthesis strategy that effectively suppresses the nucleation of competing allotropes.

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Publication Details

Journal
ACS Nano
Published
2025-10-27
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c11927
Citations
2
Primary Topic
2D Materials and Applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.04
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article

Phase-Selective Growth of Violet Phosphorus Crystals via Sn–Bi Flux

Hyeonbeom Kim, Byeong Wook Cho, Min‐Kyu Joo, Kamal Kumar Paul et al.
2 citations
ACS Nano
2D Materials and Applications
1.04
article

Phase-Selective Growth of Violet Phosphorus Crystals via Sn–Bi Flux

Hyeonbeom Kim, Byeong Wook Cho, Min‐Kyu Joo, Kamal Kumar Paul, Dahyun Choi, Hyonchol Kim, Min Cheong, Ki Kang Kim, Byung Hoon Lee, Hayoung Ko, Soo Ho Choi, Seungjin Lee, Young‐Min Kim, Jiwon Kim, Soo Min Kim, Jin‐A Lee, Jae Woo Kim, Taesoo Kim, Young Hee Lee
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Violet phosphorus (VP), an allotrope of phosphorus, is a two-dimensional van der Waals layered semiconducting material with a tunable band gap ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 eV. Despite its potential for optoelectronic applications, the scalable synthesis of phase-pure, high-quality VP crystals remains a major challenge due to competition from other phosphorus allotropes during growth. Here, we report a phase-selective synthesis strategy based on a Sn-Bi binary metal flux, enabling the growth of VP single crystals with lateral dimensions of up to 5 mm. Our approach leverages the presence of Sn in Bi flux to suppress the nucleation of undesired allotropes, thereby promoting the selective formation of VP. The VP crystals exhibit exceptional quality, as confirmed by a narrow full width at half-maximum of 0.098° for the (004) plane in X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the VP-based phototransistor demonstrates an ultrahigh detectivity of ∼1.68 × 10<sup>15</sup> cm Hz<sup>0.5</sup> W<sup>-1</sup> under a 458 nm (2.70 eV) laser irradiation, with a fast response time of 1.05 ms. These results highlight the optoelectronic potential of VP and the importance of phase purity and crystallinity in achieving a high-performance device, enabled by our phase-selective synthesis strategy that effectively suppresses the nucleation of competing allotropes.

ACS NanoVol. 19(44)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US), University of Cambridge (GB), Sookmyung Women's University (KR), Bridge University (SS), Institute for Basic Science (KR), Institute of Nanotechnology (GB), Av Engineering (Czechia) (CZ), Quantum Dimension (United States) (US), Hubei University of Technology (CN), Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
Openalex Percentile: Top 21%
2D Materials and Applications
1.04
DOISourceOpenAlex
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