Toxicology under the umbrella of proteomics and metabolomics

<ns3:p>&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The integration of omics technologies has opened new opportunities in toxicological research. This article aims to explore how toxico-proteomics and toxico-metabolomics contribute to the understanding of xenobiotic mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and modern risk assessment frameworks.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Relevant literature was analysed to highlight recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics applied to toxicology. Particular attention was given to mass spectrometry-based approaches, spatial omics, in silico modelling, and combined omics strategies. Case examples from drug- and environment-related toxicology were used to illustrate practical applications.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; High-resolution mass-spectrometry-based proteomics enables the sensitive detection of changes in protein levels, post-translational modifications, and proteinprotein interactions. Toxico-proteomic studies have clarified mechanisms of cardio-, hepato-, and atd-neurotoxic effects. Metabolomics supports the profiling of low molecular weight compounds and early responses to toxicants. Toxico-metabolomic analyses identified changes related to energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. In vitro models and zebrafish embryos provided organ-specific insights. Integrating omics data has led to the identification of candidate biomarkers of exposure and toxic effects.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Toxico-proteomics and toxico-metabolomics represent powerful tools for toxicology. Their application enhances the sensitivity of toxicity detection, reduces reliance on animal models, and supports the development of predictive strategies. As analytical platforms and computational tools continue to evolve, these disciplines are expected to play an increasingly central role in environmental and biomedical toxicology, with implications for diagnostics, therapeutics, and regulatory demands.&lt;/br&gt;</ns3:p>