Meta-analysis reveals temperature increase exacerbates microplastic toxicity in freshwater invertebrates

Abstract Freshwater ecosystems face dual threats from microplastic pollution and global warming, both of which disrupt ecological balance and hinder progress toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study investigates the combined effects of microplastics and elevated temperatures on freshwater invertebrates using meta-analysis and systematic review approach. The analysis encompasses 137 observations across four biological endpoints: growth, mortality, reproduction, and stress. While the combined stressors negatively impacted the invertebrates' growth, reproduction, and stress responses, they did not significantly increase mortality rates. Subgroup analyses highlighted species–specific and geographical differences, with Daphnia magna showing resilience in growth but heightened sensitivity in reproduction and stress endpoints. The findings demonstrate that microplastics exacerbate oxidative stress, disrupt endocrine systems, and impair energy allocation, with elevated temperatures amplifying these effects. Species feeding modes and ecological niches played critical roles in modulating responses, with filter feeders (e.g., Daphnia magna ) being more affected than shredders and detritivores. These results align with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), emphasizing the need to reduce microplastic pollution to protect freshwater biodiversity and water quality. In support of SDG 13 (Climate Action), the study highlights how warming intensifies the ecological impacts of microplastics. Proposed practical solutions include improving wastewater treatment, reducing single-use plastics, and promoting nature-based strategies. Long-term field-based research is critical for developing effective conservation measures and enhancing ecosystem resilience.