A comprehensive review on adsorption technologies for methylene blue elimination: efficiency, mechanisms, and future perspectives

Abstract Methylene blue is a poisonous dye commonly used as a colorant in the textile industry, and removing it from water can be a challenging task. In this attempt, the current state of the art in adsorption techniques that guarantee the full removal of this pollutant from water bodies is critically evaluated. In the adsorption experiments, some efficiencies in using various materials are discovered to be positive; also, both the methodologies and nanocomposites remain cost-effective. In this paper, multiple research studies conducted by researchers on various adsorbents for removing MB from aqueous solutions are evaluated, collated, and compared to identify low-cost and successful methods by estimating percentage removal. Despite substantial technological advancements, wastewater treatment remains a pressing global issue. The adsorption approach is commonly used to remove contaminants from water bodies. Adsorption is recommended because of its simple design and low cost. The review provides a comprehensive approach to MB removal and the effects of several critical factors affecting adsorption performance. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various adsorbents in removing MB from water bodies This study describes some of the most recent breakthroughs in adsorbent synthesis, emphasizing the trend toward greener and more economically feasible approaches. Furthermore, various mechanisms responsible for removing MB are described based on surface complexation, π-π interactions, ion exchange, van der Waals forces, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding. Future research would focus on improving the materials’ performance, exploring alternative energy sources for photocatalysis, and integrating such methods into existing water treatment systems. The resolution will support the large-scale application of these methods to the adsorption of MB and other contaminants from water bodies, resulting in better and safer water supplies.