Fungal necromass drives MAOC accrual in SOC pools across altitudinal gradients of <i>Potentilla parvifolia</i> in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a critical role in global carbon cycling and climate regulation, particularly in high-altitude permafrost regions. However, the impact of altitudinal gradients of alpine shrubs on SOC fractions remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the rhizosphere SOC fractions and microbial biomass of <i>Potentilla parvifolia</i> along an altitudinal gradient (3,204, 3,350, 3,550, and 3,650 m). Our findings revealed that <i>P. parvifolia</i> significantly increased gram-positive bacterial and fungal biomass at medium and low altitudes (3,204, 3,350, and 3,550 m), enhancing the contribution of mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) to total SOC compared to bare soil. Moreover, SOC accumulation was primarily driven by the buildup of microbial necromass carbon, particularly fungal necromass carbon, within the MAOC fraction. These results improve our understanding of how altitudinal gradients influence SOC dynamics and microbial mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for developing effective bioprotection strategies to conserve high-altitude ecosystems under global climate change.IMPORTANCEThis study addresses critical knowledge gaps in understanding how altitudinal variation of shrubs affects soil carbon dynamics in the Qilian Mountains' seasonal permafrost. Investigating the redistribution between particulate organic carbon and mineral-associated organic carbon, along with microbial necromass (fungal vs bacterial), is vital for predicting alpine carbon-climate feedbacks. Shrub encroachment into higher elevations may alter vegetation-derived carbon inputs and decomposition pathways, potentially destabilizing historically protected permafrost carbon stocks. The unique freeze-thaw cycles in seasonal permafrost likely modulate microbial processing of necromass into stable carbon pools, a mechanism poorly understood in cold biomes. By elucidating altitude-dependent shifts in carbon fractions and microbial legacy effects, this research provides mechanistic insights into vegetation-mediated carbon sequestration under climate change. Findings will inform models predicting permafrost carbon vulnerability and guide alpine ecosystem management strategies in this climate-sensitive headwater region critical for downstream water security.