Unlocking the Potential of Carissa carandus Linn: A Comprehensive Review

Carissa carandas Linn., also known as Karonda or Bengal Currant, is a perennial shrub native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It holds significant medicinal and economic value, particularly in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Homeopathic medicine systems, where various parts of the plant are utilized to treat ailments such as anorexia, indigestion, skin diseases, urinary disorders, and diabetic ulcers. Phytochemical analyses have identified a diverse array of bioactive compounds in C. carandas, including glycosides, amino acids, tannins, sterols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, and fatty acids. These constituents contribute to its wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antidiarrheal, antineoplastic, antinociceptive, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, cytotoxic, hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, haemolytic, diuretic, proteolytic, cardiotonic, antimalarial, anti-ulcer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-wrinkle, and whitening properties. Despite its extensive traditional use and diverse pharmacological profile, the antidiabetic potential of C. carandas remains underexplored. Further research is warranted to isolate specific bioactive compounds responsible for its hypoglycemic effects and to conduct clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety in diabetes management. Such studies could pave the way for developing novel therapeutic agents derived from this versatile plant.