Bloodborne virus transmission via shared glucometry equipment: an epidemiological synthesis

Abstract Background Outbreaks of bloodborne viruses (BBV), particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV), have resulted from the shared use of single-person glucometry equipment, including both lancet devices and glucometers. This structured epidemiological synthesis presents evidence on HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV transmission via shared glucometry equipment, highlighting a preventable infection control lapse. Methods A structured literature search of Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed (n = 81), conducted via Nested Knowledge, identified 36 relevant studies after deduplication and screening. Studies were analysed using a structured extraction form capturing outbreak characteristics, devices used, viruses involved and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. A descriptive narrative synthesis identified epidemiological trends and recurring themes. Results Of the 36 studies, 31 reported HBV outbreaks linked to shared glucometry equipment, including 26 involving lancet devices. Two studies described HBV transmission from shared glucometers and four referenced transmission from either shared lancet devices or shared glucometers. One HCV outbreak and one individual HCV transmission event linked to shared lancet use were identified, along with one possible case related to either device type and another to shared glucometer use. No confirmed HIV transmissions were found. Most events occurred in long-term care or assisted-living facilities. Genetic sequencing confirmed transmission in several cases. Contributing factors included inadequate staff training, poor IPC and low HBV vaccination rates. Conclusions The shared use of single-person glucometry equipment, particularly lancet devices, remains a preventable route of BBV transmission. Findings support targeted interventions: HBV vaccination for at-risk groups, clearer device labelling and specific IPC training for staff performing glucometry. Robust IPC and regulatory guidance are essential to eliminate this avoidable risk. Key messages • The shared use of glucometry equipment can result in preventable HBV and HCV transmission, including outbreaks, particularly in assisted-living facilities. • Strengthened glucometry training, HBV vaccination, clear device labelling and stronger infection control policies are needed to reduce bloodborne virus transmission.