Shore power technology for sustainable maritime transport: a global review of historical development, policies, and standards

As a crucial component of international trade, rational planning of shore grids in ports significantly contributes to the reduction of gas emissions during ship berthing. Most of the existing policy research primarily focuses on individual regions, lacking systematic research and in-depth analysis of global policies and standards. While there are occasional comprehensive studies of policies and standards, many of them are outdated. This paper comprehensively and systematically elaborates on the development history, effective policies, and the latest standards of global shore power technology. And it provides precise guidance for the formulation of future shore power policies and standards in various countries.