Surface Modifications of Zinc Oxide, Copper Oxide, and Nickel Oxide Particles with Chitosan, Poly(ethylene glycol), Poly(vinyl alcohol), and Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as Antimicrobial Agents against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> , <i>Pseudomonas aerugino

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of M8S1-M8S8 against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (SA), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (PA), and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (SE), with the results being analyzed using statistical techniques like linear regression, two-level factorial, and Taguchi method. The inhibition percentage can be predicted using the two-level factorial mathematical model. Based on the mentioned analysis, the presence of CuO, ZnO, and NiO had the greatest effect on SA, PA, and SE, respectively. The reliability of the findings was confirmed through the analysis using two-level factorial and Taguchi method, indicating that the proposed hypothesis is valid. The MIC and MBC results revealed that among the 8 samples with different ZnO-NiO-CuO (ZNC) molar ratios, M8S8, which consisting of M8 and S8 (the molar ratio CuO:NiO:ZnO of 1:1:1) exhibited one of the most effective solutions with an acceptable inhibition percentage. Characterization tests indicated aggregation and the presence of a viscous outer layer, possibly attributed to M8, suggesting successful material synthesis. Further confirmation of the morphology was achieved through FTIR, XRD, and EDS, which yielded consistent results with FE-SEM, affirming the successful production of M8S8 with the desired structure.