Attitudes towards obesity: a comparative analysis of adults with and without obesity

Abstract Background Obesity is frequently associated with social stigmatization, which can negatively affect individuals’ self-esteem, increase the risk of depression and social isolation, and potentially contribute to further weight gain. This study aimed to assess attitudes toward individuals living with obesity among adults residing in Portugal. Additionally, it explored potential differences in these attitudes between individuals with and without obesity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey directed to Portuguese adults. To assess attitudes towards obesity participants rated, on a 1-10 scale (10 = highest probability), their likelihood of: employing a person with obesity, going on a date, entrusting them with childcare, and forming a friendship. Reported weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI), classified according to World Health Organization standards. Descriptive statistical analysis and t-tests at 5% significance level were performed. Results A total of 3333 adults were surveyed: mean age 49 years (±12.2), 85.4% female, 79.7% with higher education. According to calculated BMI, 35.5% (n = 1175) had obesity. Compared to participants without obesity, those with obesity reported higher likelihoods of employing a person with obesity (M = 8.45±1.81 vs. 7.87±2.03), going on a date (M = 7.08±2.49 vs. 5.49±2.80), entrusting childcare (M = 9.14±2.09 vs. 7.40±2.38), and befriending them (M = 9.28±1.30 vs. 8.98±1.56), all p < 0.001. Conclusions Adults with obesity demonstrated significantly more favourable attitudes toward individuals with obesity, possibly reflecting shared experiences or greater empathy. However, lower scores among participants without obesity suggest that weight-related stigma remains prevalent in Portuguese society. These findings highlight the need for public education to address and reduce obesity stigma. Key messages • Adults with obesity show more positive attitudes toward others with obesity, revealing the role of shared experience in reducing stigma. • Weight stigma remains common in Portugal, highlighting the need for awareness campaigns to promote empathy and reduce discrimination.