The intersection of climate adaptation policies and health inequalities in the European region

Abstract Issue/ problem Climate change is a threat multiplier that leads to severe weather events, increasing mortality and morbidity, especially among vulnerable groups. In the European Region, exposure to heatwaves has escalated by almost 60% when comparing the period of 2000-2009 with that of 2010-2019. Also, differences in sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity result in unequal climate-related health impacts, reflecting socio-demographic disparities and marginalization. Description of the problem How can climate adaptation strategies for European countries be improved to better protect vulnerable groups from climate-related health risks? We conducted content analysis to review the integration of adaptation policies for vulnerable groups from grey literature and articles through a search in Google Scholar and some reference lists. The search was conducted in March 2025. Results We reviewed 38 national adaptation plans and articles and identified main health indicators as mortality, morbidity, and mental health stress while elderly people, children, pregnant women and people with low socioeconomic status were identified as most vulnerable. Measures include heat-health action plans, early warning systems, improved surveillance for climate-sensitive diseases, and urban planning. Others are cross-border cooperation, nature-based solutions and more climate risk assessments. Findings indicate that weak risk communication obstructs public awareness and responsiveness to climate-related threats. Lack of financial, technical and trained professionals at the local level restricts the implementation of necessary adaptation measures. Housing challenges, citizenship rights, educational and language barriers exacerbate vulnerability. Lessons Future policy should explore inclusive cross-sectoral strategies and stronger risk communication to better integrate health equity into climate resilience planning and policy. Key messages • Vulnerable groups and migrants are underrepresented in the climate adaptation policies in Europe, leading to health inequalities amid increasing climate threats. • Stronger cross-sector strategies and inclusive planning are key to protecting vulnerable groups from climate-related health risks.