Enhancing driver performance under cognitive load: the role of tactile and combined auditory-tactile warnings in simulated underground mining transport vehicle environments

In coal mining environments, underground transport vehicles are essential for transportation operations, yet high accident rates persist due to environmental and human factors. This study investigated the effects of auditory, tactile, and combined auditory-tactile warnings on driver driving and cognitive performance in a simulated underground transport vehicle cabin. 24 participants (12 novice, 12 experienced) completed baseline driving, stimulus-response tasks and interference tasks while their driving behaviour, physiological indicators and subjective evaluations were recorded. Results showed that tactile and combined warnings improved response performance over auditory warnings, with combined warnings enhancing attentional focus and reducing reaction times, particularly for novice drivers. Tactile and combined warnings also demonstrated superior resistance to distraction. For experienced drivers, tactile alerts most effectively reduced cognitive load under high demand. These findings highlight the potential of tactile and combined warnings to improve operational safety and reduce accident risks in underground coal mine transport operations.