Exclusion Errors in the Bolsa Família Program: A Systematic Review of the Literature

This article systematically reviews the literature on exclusion errors in cash transfer programs in Brazil, focusing on the Bolsa Família Program (BFP). The study examines the targeting mechanisms and methodologies used to measure these errors, identifying persistent challenges such as income under-reporting, administrative discretion, and political manipulation that led to the exclusion of eligible families. Marginalized groups, including quilombola communities, indigenous peoples, individuals with disabilities, and black women, are particularly affected by these exclusions due to administrative and bureaucratic barriers. The review also underscores the need for more integrated and culturally sensitive approaches, considering intersectional identities. Combined methodologies using quantitative and qualitative data are essential to understanding the complexity of these errors and proposing effective strategies to improve equity in targeting mechanisms. The study concludes that continuous improvements in registration processes, supervision, and the integration of social policies are crucial to ensuring that benefits reach the most vulnerable populations.