Association between immune check point inhibitors and digestive system inflammatory adverse reactions: evidence from pharmacovigilance analysis and systematic review
PD-1 inhibitors are more strongly associated with upper GI and hepatobiliary inflammatory adverse reactions, whereas CTLA-4 inhibitors carry a higher risk of enterocolitis. These findings underscore the need for ICI-specific monitoring protocols. Early recognition and tailored management-including potential treatment interruption or corticosteroid use-are critical to minimizing severe outcomes. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for rare inflammatory adverse reactions such as sialadenitis, even as incidence remains low. These insights support more personalized risk-benefit assessment and inflammatory adverse reactions management in patients receiving ICIs.
Authors
- Fang Xie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-4647)
- Chun Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9319-1640)
- Yun Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-6832)
- Shibo Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-3781)
- Qinchuan Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-6411)
- Hongju Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0028-6451)
- Wei Hua (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-5078)
- Li Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9303-4047)
- Ya Zou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4560-8810)
- Yan Chun Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-5195)
- Shihao Yan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-1926)
- Lu Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9425-4613)
- Xirui Guo
Institutions
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Chengdu Second People's Hospital (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Published
- 2025-10-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1684475
- Primary Topic
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China