Actuator‐saturation‐based sliding mode control for high‐penetration wind generation in time‐delay interconnected multi‐area power systems

Abstract High‐penetration of wind power and the participation of energy storage significantly increase the complexity of load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power systems, especially under actuator saturation and communication delays. This paper develops a novel chattering‐free sliding mode control strategy to enhance system robustness. A time‐delay multi‐area LFC model is first established, considering wind power disturbances and energy storage units. To suppress chattering, an artificial delay and a new sliding surface are introduced. Furthermore, a convex polytope method is employed to address both known and unknown actuator saturation. System stability is rigorously analyzed using Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals within the framework. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller ensures fast frequency restoration, strong disturbance attenuation, and global robust stability, highlighting its effectiveness for future low‐inertia power systems.