Natural and green components as an alternative to petroleum-based and synthetic products in rubber industry: A review

A perspective on the use of natural and ecological components in rubber technology is presented, particularly through a comprehensive analysis of current achievements and challenges. Unlike other works that focus on individual materials extensively discussed in the literature, this review covers a broad spectrum of topics, including bio-based alternatives for cross-linkers, fillers, excipients, and antioxidants. The article highlights the potential of bio-based substances in the context of sustainable development and discusses key barriers such as performance limitations, quality control, and production costs that hinder broader industrial adoption. The implementation of natural and bio-based components brings significant environmental and functional benefits. One of the key advantages is the improved recyclability of rubber materials, especially through emerging methods such as devulcanization and biological processes involving enzymes and microorganisms. Renewable fillers and additives derived from agricultural waste support circular economy principles, while natural antioxidants and plasticizers enhance durability, elasticity, and overall material properties. These innovations are particularly valuable in high-performance applications such as the automotive and medical sectors. Additionally, the development of sustainable materials contributes to the diversification of raw material sources and fosters green innovation in industrial processing. The review also emphasizes the importance of continued research aimed at optimizing the efficiency, scalability, and economic feasibility of eco-friendly alternatives. Further scientific efforts are essential to improve processing techniques and facilitate the commercialization of these sustainable alternatives. This article provides a valuable synthesis of current progress in green rubber technology, offering a solid foundation for future academic research and industrial implementation.