Recent Advances in Detection Methods and Toxicological Mechanisms of Amatoxins

Amatoxins, primarily found in toxic mushrooms, are cyclic peptides, among which α-amanitin is the most potent variant. These compounds can induce severe poisoning and even fatal outcomes, with a rapid onset and no clinically approved antidote currently available, posing significant threats to food safety and public health. Consequently, research on detection methods and therapeutic interventions for these toxins is critically important. Conventional detection methods are often cost-prohibitive and unsuitable for on-site applications, highlighting the need for efficient, rapid, and field-deployable alternatives. A comprehensive understanding of the toxicological mechanisms is vital for antidote development and poisoning prevention. This review systematically consolidates current knowledge on amatoxin detection techniques and poisoning mechanisms, offering valuable insights to advance detection technologies, elucidate toxicity pathways, and accelerate the discovery of effective treatments in the future.