An early-stage 3D fibroblast-featured tumor model mimics the gene expression of the naïve tumor microenvironment, including genes involved in cancer progression and drug resistance

These findings highlight the importance of fibroblast inclusion in 3D models to replicate the genetic and structural features of the TME. Our spheroid system provides a more accurate representation of early tumor stages and offers a promising platform for drug screening, reducing the need for in vivo models by allowing the selection of the most effective compounds for further testing. This work underscores the potential of 3D culture systems in advancing our understanding of tumor biology and improving the precision of cancer therapeutics.