Ceramic-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials: Mechanisms, optimization strategies, and pathways to next-generation applications

Ceramic-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have emerged as a promising solution due to their tunable dielectric and magnetic properties, excellent chemical stability, and favorable cost-performance ratio. Despite their advantages, enhancing electrical conductivity and optimizing microstructural design remain key technical challenges. This review presents a systematic analysis of the working mechanisms, advanced fabrication techniques, and performance optimization strategies for ceramic-based EMI shielding materials. It provides an in-depth analysis of the key factors influencing shielding efficiency and discusses the shielding mechanisms and performance enhancement strategies for both conventional ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide and ferrites) and advanced ceramics (e.g., MXenes and high-entropy ceramics). Future research directions are identified, including wideband shielding design to meet the requirements of 5G and terahertz communication, the integration of mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic functionalities, and the development of intelligent, responsive materials. Additionally, this review highlights the potential of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in accelerating material design and performance optimization. By critically analyzing the interrelationships among material properties, fabrication processes, and shielding mechanisms, this work offers a comprehensive perspective on the innovative application of advanced ceramics in EMI shielding, with the aim of bridging the gap between fundamental research and industrial implementation.