The Dual Role of Nitric Oxide in Allergic Rhinitis: From the NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway to Possible New Therapeutic Targets for Organelle Damage

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic, non-infectious condition mediated by IgE that primarily affects the nasal mucosa. Recent studies have indicated a relationship between nitric oxide (NO) and the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. This review integrates the NO/cGMP pathway with mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomal pathways, as well as related translational targets, aiming to systematically dissect the associations between these pathways and their roles in AR. By synthesizing literature from the PubMed database (1994-2024), we conducted an in-depth analysis of the specific mechanisms by which homeostatic NO and pathological NO contribute to the pathogenesis of AR. Additionally, we investigate the impact of the NO derivative peroxynitrite on mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomal organelles. Based on these findings, we further explore potential treatment modalities for AR.