Bioarchaeological and Palynological Studies of Graves from Samshvilde: Diachronic Case for Preliminary Reconstruction of Environment, Human Diet, Diseases and Remedies

This paper presents the results of multidisciplinary research carried out at the Samshvilde Archaeological Complex (Georgia, South Caucasus) between 2016 and 2024 by a team from the University of Georgia, the Georgian National Museum, and Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The project aimed to help reconstruction of the aspects of paleoecology, paleodiet, paleopathology, social hierarchy, and medical practices among Late Bronze–Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Medieval communities through the analysis of Samshvilde graves, despite the limited number of burials available. Eight graves spanning different periods were examined using a range of methodological approaches. Palynological analyses revealed widespread helminthic and gastrointestinal infections, which appear to have been treated with traditional remedies, including deer antler and volcanic ash residues identified in the graves. Archaeological evidence indicates a possible spatial shift in mortuary practices: graves from the Late Bronze–Iron Age and Hellenistic periods were concentrated near the Samshvilde citadel, whereas Medieval interments were mainly located in the eastern sector of the city. This transition may reflect demographic, economic fluctuations and broader sociopolitical changes. Bioarchaeological data further suggest that most individuals from the Medieval graves suffered violent deaths, consistent with the historical record of Seljuk, Mongol, and Iranian incursions in the region during the High and Late Middle Ages. • Samshvilde in the South Caucasus was continuously occupied from the Early Bronze Age to the medieval period. • Integrated archaeological, bioarcheological, and palynological analyses reveal, health conditions, trauma, and mortuary practices. • Evidence of congenital and degenerative pathologies, violent deaths, and long-term care illustrates both conflict and social support systems. • Palynological data indicate humid climates that supported agriculture, viticulture, and medicinal plant use. • Dietary patterns, burial seasonality, and textile analyses shed light on nutrition, seasonal practices, and clothing traditions.