(Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Selected Honey Types Produced in Southern Egypt and Their Compliance with International Quality Standards)

This study provides a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of monofloral honey from Upper Egypt, specifically from the Assiut and Qena Governorates, during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Five distinct botanical origins, Anise, Fennel, Clover, Sesame, and Sidr were evaluated. The analysis revealed statistically significant variations (p < 0.05) across all measured parameters, predominantly influenced by the floral source. For instance, Fennel honey exhibited the highest fructose content, suggesting slow crystallization, while Clover honey's high glucose levels indicated a potential for rapid crystallization. The geographical origin also proved to be a significant factor. This was particularly evident in key freshness indicators, such as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and diastase activity. Sesame honey from Assiut demonstrated superior freshness with the lowest HMF (14.98 mg/kg) and highest diastase activity (30.00 DN), whereas Clover honey from the same region showed elevated HMF, suggesting potential thermal stress. Furthermore, a direct comparison of the same floral type between governorates revealed marked differences, underscoring the impact of local conditions. Other parameters, including electrical conductivity, viscosity, and granulation ratio, also showed significant variations linked to both botanical and geographical origins. This study conclusively demonstrates that both floral source and geographical location are critical, interdependent determinants of the physicochemical properties, quality, and storage potential of monofloral honey from Upper Egypt.