A Global Public Health Review of the Mumps Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Advances in Vaccination

Introduction: Mumps, a viral infection caused by a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, remains a public health concern despite the success of global vaccination programs. The disease typically presents with parotitis and systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise, with complications including orchitis, meningitis, and sensorineural deafness. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on mumps epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and control strategies. Information was gathered from peerreviewed journals, public health reports, and molecular diagnostics studies. Results: The global incidence of mumps has significantly declined since the introduction of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in the 1970s. However, recent outbreaks in both high- and lowincome countries are attributed to waning immunity, genetic mismatch between vaccine and circulating strains, and suboptimal vaccine coverage. Diagnostic advancements, especially RT-PCR and serological assays, have enhanced outbreak detection and management. Discussion: Persistent mumps outbreaks highlight the challenges of long-term immunity and virus evolution. Current control strategies emphasize high vaccination coverage, rapid outbreak response, and continuous epidemiological surveillance. Research efforts are underway to develop mRNA-based and genotype-specific vaccines to address these challenges. However, gaps remain in understanding immunity duration, disease progression, and asymptomatic transmission. Conclusion: Effective control of mumps requires strengthened public health infrastructure, improved diagnostics, and efforts to counter vaccine hesitancy. Further research is crucial to overcome existing limitations and to inform future vaccination and outbreak management policies.