ADVANCING ELECTRICAL GROUNDING SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS OF NATURAL AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR ENHANCED PERFORMANCE

Electrical grounding systems for power systems are among the most vital means for fault current dissipation while preventing dangerous step and touch voltage gradients. It can also significantly affect the reliability and safety of the electrical systems. Grounding Enhancement Materials (GEMs) have been one of the pivotal components for optimizing the behavior of grounding systems in locales with increased soil resistivity or less-than-optimal environmental conditions. This review provides an overview of recent developments in GEMs based on conductive materials, such as bentonite, carbon-based composites, metal oxides, and unique electroactive and nanostructured polymers. It discusses their electrical, thermal, and environmental properties, emphasizing resistivity reduction, longevity, and environmental compliance. In addition, the review critiques existing GEM performance evaluation techniques at both lab-scale and field-scale conditions, as well as predictive models for GEM performance, such as linear regression and machine learning methods. Hurdles such as material degradation, environmental leaching, and cost-effectiveness are also covered to offer a neutral view of the present constraints and future perspectives. Lastly, the review focuses on some trends associated with sustainable and high-performance GEMs, showcasing the renewable opportunities of bio-based and hybrid materials by bottom-line green engineering principles. Overall, the synthesis is intended to share knowledge in selecting, designing, and implementing GEMs to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of various electrical systems that use grounding systems across applications.