Ayurveda constructs as functional biomarkers: A narrative review of translational perspective on Generalized anxiety disorder

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, yet the search for reliable biomarkers remains inconclusive. While modern biomedicine emphasizes measurable parameters such as cortisol, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuroimaging indices, Ayurveda employs functional diagnostic constructs including dosha imbalance and manovaha srotas (∼Psychochannels) dysfunction . Though differing in language, both systems aim to identify markers that reflect underlying systemic dysregulation. This review adopted a comparative framework. Classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern indexed literature on biomarkers of anxiety were systematically analysed. Ayurvedic qualitative markers were mapped to modern physiological and biochemical indicators. Observational parallels and therapeutic implications were evaluated, with emphasis on translational integration. Ayurvedic constructs correlated significantly with modern biomarkers. Vata aggravation paralleled autonomic dysregulation and reduced heart rate variability. Rajas and tamas predominance aligned with catecholaminergic hyperactivity and prefrontal cortical hypoactivity. Ojas depletion reflected reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered cortisol rhythms, while ama accumulation resonated with elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). Dysfunction of manovaha srotas corresponded to amygdala hyperactivity and impaired prefrontal–amygdala connectivity. Therapeutic interventions including Withania somnifera , Bacopa monnieri , yoga, and meditation demonstrated measurable effects on cortisol, HRV, GABA, and inflammatory markers, complementing conventional therapies. Ayurveda provides systemic, functional biomarkers, while modern biomedicine contributes quantifiable indices. Their integration offers a multidimensional framework for understanding and managing anxiety disorders. This conceptual bridge highlights the potential for developing hybrid biomarker models that enhance diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized treatment.