Impact of Parenting Dynamics on Early Childhood Development: An Exploratory Study Among Primiparous Working Mothers in Kerala, India

ABSTRACT The transition to parenthood presents significant challenges, particularly for primiparous working mothers who must balance work and family responsibilities. This study examines their parenting experiences, competencies and early attitudes with a focus on how they simultaneously manage family and work demands. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, the study initially employed a quantitative phase with the Early Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (EPAQ) and the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSCS), followed by in‐depth interviews. Results indicate that more than half of the participants reported lower parental competence (54.1%) and early parenting attitudes, including affection and attachment (57.4%), early learning attitude (50.8%) and rules and respect (52.5%). Thematic network analysis by Attride‐Stirling identified three global themes: (1) parental competence and attitude, reflecting the knowledge and skills mothers possess; (2) challenges and barriers, highlighting difficulties faced by primiparous working mothers; and (3) aspects of support mechanisms, emphasizing the role of personal, familial and societal support. The study provides insights to inform future evidence‐based practices and policy‐level interventions to address the unique needs of children and mothers, considering the impact of parental and family dynamics on early childhood development.