Chemical Perspectives on Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG): Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential in Breast Cancer Treatment

Green tea contains a bioactive polyphenol called epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which may be used as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer (BC). This review examines the pharmacological and chemical properties of EGCG, which may make it a valuable therapeutic agent for treating breast cancer. The distinctive physicochemical characteristics of EGCG, such as its solubility, stability, and bioavailability, are based on its molecular structure, which is also crucial for its medicinal uses. Furthermore, the availability of EGCG as a naturally occurring substance, its production in "Camellia sinensis," and the use of sophisticated extraction methods are also covered. Apoptosis is induced via caspase activation and mitochondrial failure. Metastasis-related enzymes are inhibited, and key signaling pathways, including PI3k, Akt, and MAPK, are modulated as part of EGCG's multifaceted anti-cancer actions. The synergistic benefits of EGCG with traditional chemotherapies, in combating drug resistance and enhancing their effectiveness, significantly improve the therapeutic value of these treatments. Limited bioavailability is addressed via liposomal delivery, nanoparticle encapsulation, and structural optimisation. Pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and clinical studies all support its safety and effectiveness. This study highlights the promise of EGCG as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer, exploring its molecular interactions, new formulations, and the integration of chemistry and molecular mechanisms to enhance EGCG's therapeutic applicability in clinical settings.