Effects of diesel-based nano-hybrid additives on gasoil combustion performance: enhancing calorific value and reducing emissions through optimization of hybrid-nanoparticles

Abstract The urgent need to reduce environmental pollution and fossil fuel dependency has prompted researchers to enhance diesel engine performance through advanced fuel modifications. This experimental study investigates the effects of a diesel-based nano-hybrid fuel containing CeO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles on engine performance and emissions. The aim is to enhance combustion while reducing pollutants in compression ignition engines. A single-cylinder diesel engine was tested using nano-additive blends (25–75 ppm) with CTAB surfactant. Zeta potential, UV–Vis analysis, and multi-objective optimization were used to assess fuel stability and performance. At 50 ppm, brake thermal efficiency increased by 5.2%, BSFC decreased by 4.6%, and NOₓ emissions dropped by 9.3%. The results confirm the nano-hybrid’s potential for practical emission control and combustion improvement.