From exile to political revival: A social network analysis of Ioannis Metaxas (1919–1923)

This study explores the evolution of Ioannis Metaxas’ social networks during his exile in Italy (1919–1920) and his return to Greece (1921–1923), focusing on the gender, nationality, and occupation of the network’s actors. Utilizing a mixed-method approach that combines Social Network Analysis (SNA), visualization techniques, and historical-critical interpretation, the study constructs temporal networks to examine changes in Metaxas’ connections over time. Analysis through Gephi’s network visualizations and statistical metrics revealed that Metaxas’ network was dynamic and strategically adaptable, evolving to meet his needs in various contexts. Notably, despite his military background, Metaxas had limited contact with military personnel; women also played a crucial role as information conduits within his network. These findings demonstrate the value of integrating computational techniques in historical research, offering new insights into Metaxas’ adaptable relationships and a broader understanding of historical events. • Social Network Analysis revealed hidden patterns in Metaxas’ relationships. • Network visualizations highlighted the overlooked role of women in historical events. • Metaxas’ networks evolved, adapting to shifting political and social contexts. • Women were key connectors, ensuring the flow of information in Metaxas’ network. • Limited military contacts, despite Metaxas’ background, reshaped his influence.