A critical review of land transport management in Indonesia: Does it support CO2 emission reduction?

Indonesia faces critical challenges in managing land transportation systems due to rapid urbanization and economic growth, leading to increased CO2 emissions. This study examines the extent to which current land transport management policies contribute to CO2 emission reduction. Utilizing qualitative methods, in-depth interviews with 15 key informants including government officials and academics were conducted to gather comprehensive insights. The findings reveal that policies such as the development of mass transportation systems, incentives for electric vehicle adoption, and stringent emission standards are showing early signs of success. However, implementation gaps, weak inter-agency coordination, and limited public participation remain significant barriers. This research contributes to sustainable transportation theory by highlighting the critical interplay between policy design and public behavior. The results provide actionable recommendations for improving land transport policies, including enhanced public transportation infrastructure, stricter regulatory enforcement, and increased public awareness campaigns. These findings underscore the importance of integrated policy approaches to achieving Indonesia's emission reduction targets and advancing sustainable urban mobility.