Research progress on vascular embolism in facial cosmetic injections

Injectable embolism is among the most severe complications associated with facial cosmetic injections. Occlusion of blood vessels by filler materials can have devastating consequences, including skin necrosis, ulceration, blindness, hemiplegia, and even death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the etiology, anatomical considerations, and thrombolytic therapies for vascular embolism caused by common dermal fillers. These findings offer evidence-based insights to improve the clinical diagnosis and management of injection-induced embolism.