Health-associated key gut microbiota drives the variation in community metabolic interactions in non-human primates

Gut microbiota often undergo metabolic cross-feeding and resource competition. However, our understanding of global variations in these interactions and their implications for host health remain elusive. By analyzing a microbial genome catalog from 841 fecal metagenomes across 53 primate species worldwide, we identified key microbiota assigned to two taxa, i.e., Bacillota_A and Pseudomonadota, which well predicted the trade-off of community-level interaction types between metabolic competition and cooperation. Specifically, Bacillota_A species were inherently competitive and amino acid auxotrophic and typically found in anaerobic habitats. In contrast, members of Pseudomonadota were inherently cooperative, siderophore producers, and more abundant in aerobic conditions. Random forest models successfully distinguished unhealthy gut samples from healthy samples through the key competitive and cooperative microbiota, suggesting potential links between community metabolic interactions and host health. Together, this study enhances our mechanistic understanding of microbial interaction dynamism within complex gut ecosystems, offering new targets for understanding host health.