Research progress on the inhibitory effect of bioactive components of cactus on diabetes

• The potential anti-diabetic activity of protein, vitamin, mineral, polysaccharide, lipid, phytochemicals (flavonoids, lignans, betaine, terpenes) and other nutrients in cactus were fully discussed, and the positive effects and mechanisms of anti-diabetes and complications were sorted out. • The purpose of this paper is to make people more aware of the hypoglycemic effect of cactus, realize its many applications in food and medicine, and have great potential for the future of mankind, so as to promote the development and promotion of cactus related drugs and products. Cactus ( Opuntia ficus-indica ), a medicinal plant thriving in arid regions, has garnered increasing interest for its potential in diabetes management due to its rich array of bioactive compounds. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the anti-diabetic properties of cactus constituents, particularly polysaccharides, flavonoids, vitamins, and betaines. Compelling evidence indicates that these components exert hypoglycemic effects​ through multifaceted mechanisms, including enhanced insulin sensitivity, protection of pancreatic β-cells, inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption, and modulation of gut microbiota. Beyond glycemic control, cactus extracts demonstrate significant potential in alleviating diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disorders, attributed to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This comprehensive analysis not only consolidates the mechanistic insights into cactus bioactives but also highlights its promise as a dietary intervention and a source for developing functional foods and nutraceuticals. Further research, particularly well-designed clinical trials, is warranted to validate its efficacy and translate these findings into practical diabetes management strategies.