Recommendations for improving risk awareness, managing impacts, and delivering effective action in managing tree pests and pathogens in urban environments

Urban trees are increasingly threatened by insect pests and pathogens, notably, but not exclusively, by accidental exotic introductions. The future health of these trees and preserving their benefits requires a full understanding of this threat and the options for its effective mitigation and management. Under the EU TREEPACT project, three interlinked studies sought to increase identification and understanding of the issues related to urban tree pests and pathogens. These comprised a systematic review of the topical global empirical evidence of impacts and their mitigation; a survey of key stakeholder groups associated with urban trees; and a case study assessment of regulations, policies, and guidance for urban trees at the city level. This short communication draws on insights from these studies and provides recommendations for future urban tree health management that consider specific urban challenges, stakeholder dynamics, and responsibilities. Together, these inform the development of activities that prevent or reduce the spread of tree pests and pathogens in urban areas, focusing on the post-border stage of the pest and pathogen invasion pathway.