Network Design Based on Multimodal Public Transportation under Diverse Urban Conditions

This study formulates a multi-modal public transport network design problem aimed at minimizing the combined cost for users and operators, and solves it in a virtual city environment.By introducing a heuristic solution method, the approach is applicable to networks with over 200 nodes.The results show that: (1) integrating multiple transport modes improves accessibility and reduces total costs compared to single-mode operations; (2) urban characteristics-such as population density, city size, population distribution, and OD distribution-significantly affect network structure and costs, and that compact urban forms promote the development of rapid transit corridors and reduce CO 2 emissions; and(3) combining faster modes can control the cost increase associated with longer travel distances.Overall, the combined use of multiple modes enhances travel quality according to urban characteristics and contributes to improved environmental, economic, and spatial efficiency.