Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Hybrid Power Systems: Pelican Optimization Algorithm-Based Sliding Mode Control

Abstract The article reports a novel design approach for improving frequency stability in interconnected hybrid power systems by integrating nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm and sliding mode control (SMC). The load frequency control (LFC) model incorporates demand Response (DR) and electric vehicle (EV) participation. The design presents the synergy between metaheuristic optimization algorithm and the SMC to enhance system performance. A nature inspired pelican optimization algorithm (POA) is effectively used to optimally select the gains of the SMC to ensure robust frequency control. This combined approach has not been extensively explored in previous research, making it a unique contribution to the field. The MATLAB simulation results confirm the design effectiveness to stabilize frequency and tie-line power under dynamic conditions. Frequency regulation with an integration of random changes in load pattern, typical energy system nonlinearities, and system parameter variations confirm the design's reliability in real-world scenarios. In addition, performance is assessed with varying DR levels and EV participation, demonstrating the design's flexibility and robustness. This study concludes that the proposed SMC-optimized frequency regulation strategy provides superior transient response and system stability compared to other metaheuristic algorithms tuned proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, positioning it as a promising solution for future power systems integrating renewable energy, DR, and EVs.