Socio-political dynamics of photovoltaic expansion in Swiss municipalities

In many countries, the expansion of photovoltaics (PV) is seen as a cornerstone of the transition from fossil to renewable energy systems. However, the extent to which this potential is realized, and the pace at which PV is expanding, varies considerably between and within countries. This study aims to explore the mechanisms that lead to faster or slower PV expansion at a local level, with a particular focus on the socio-political dynamics that could accelerate PV growth. The empirical focus is on Switzerland's approximately 2100 municipalities, which exhibit a high degree of political autonomy and significant local variation in PV deployment. Using a mixed-methods approach combining statistical comparisons of Swiss municipalities and comparative case studies, the findings reveal several socio-political dynamics that are associated with greater local PV growth. First, active PV installers in a municipality can play an important multiplier role. Furthermore, PV growth is greater where there is more political support for the energy transition. While local incentive structures are important too, current cantonal policies are unable to accelerate local PV growth. Overall, the study sheds new light on the factors that can shape a more effective and participatory energy transition. • Study reveals socio-political drivers behind PV growth in Swiss municipalities. • It identifies multiple entry points for strong residential PV expansion. • Local PV entrepreneurs act as key multipliers for PV expansion. • Greater public support for energy transition drives faster PV growth. • Policymakers should ensure PV investments are perceived as financially attractive.