A grounded theory approach to sanitation-flood disaster risk reduction in Peri-Urban areas: a case of Zambia

ABSTRACT Flood disasters, increasingly driven by climate change, pose serious global threats especially when combined with poor sanitation, leading to outbreaks of waterborne diseases. This challenge is particularly acute in poorly planned peri-urban areas, where sanitation-flood disasters are more frequent. While past research has explored flooding or sanitation independently, there is a notable gap in understanding their intersection and recurrence in peri-urban contexts. Existing Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) literature lacks specific strategies tailored to these areas. In Zambia, the current DRR strategy does not adequately address sanitation-flood disasters in peri-urban settings. This research aimed to bridge that gap by developing a conceptual DRR framework linking institutional governance to sanitation-flood risks in peri-urban areas. Using a mixed-method approach combining data analytics with a Straussian Grounded Theory methodology the study developed a framework based on the Sendai approach. The theory proposed that effective governance, characterized by accountable partnerships, responsible collaboration, and a culture of compliance, significantly reduces sanitation-flood risks. The framework outlines seven core strategies, including legal reforms, capacity building, streamlined processes, community involvement, proactive risk management, robust monitoring, and improved sanitation infrastructure. Adoption of this framework is essential for reducing disease outbreaks, particularly cholera, in vulnerable peri-urban communities.