What is livingness? From natural matter to a programmable one

Abstract This article investigates “livingness” at the convergence of design, human–computer interaction (HCI) and synthetic biology, emphasising the evolving role of materialism. It examines living artefacts – objects designed with life-like qualities that utilise natural, engineered or programmable materials. The study thoroughly reviews theoretical underpinnings, highlighting new materialism’s focus on the agency of matter and HCI’s material turn, underscoring the value of physical interaction with digital systems. It also discusses recent advancements in living organisms as integral elements in design, aimed at reducing environmental impact and creating new user experiences. Through a systematic literature review and an in-depth analysis of case studies, the article proposes an extended definition of “livingness” across the three disciplines, advancing the understanding of the functions of living artefacts, how life-like capabilities can be integrated into them, and the implications for regenerative design. The findings invite a reimagined relationship between humans, materials and technology, fostering sustainable and interactive design practices.