Pharmacists’ practices, perceptions, and challenges in dispensing antibiotics without prescription: a qualitative study in Palestine

Non-prescription antibiotic dispensing in Palestine is shaped by patient demand, economic pressures, and weak regulation. Addressing these drivers requires strengthened enforcement, targeted public education, professional training, and integration of pharmacists into AMR stewardship to safeguard public health. These findings highlight the need for actionable reforms in pharmacy practice and national policy, including stricter regulatory oversight and pharmacist-led public education, to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use and strengthen AMR containment strategies.