Comparison of clinical outcomes of open and closed cardioplegia sets used during cardiopulmonary bypass

Closed cardioplegia systems may offer better control of inflammatory and hepatic responses during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Despite favorable biochemical outcomes, the longer extubation time and reduced urine output observed in the closed system group warrant further investigation. Future prospective randomized studies are required to validate these findings and assess long-term clinical outcomes such as morbidity and mortality.