The Impact of Intrauterine Devices on the Risk of Ureaplasma Species Overgrowth: A Review of the Literature

<i>Ureaplasma</i> species (<i>Ureaplasma</i> spp.) are commensal organisms of the lower urogenital tract, but overgrowth has been associated with vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications such as preterm labor. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are an effective contraceptive method; however, their use has been linked to an increased risk of urogenital infections, including those involving <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp., which may disseminate and lead to adverse health outcomes. There is still much uncertainty surrounding the connection between <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp. and IUDs, calling for further research to analyze the possible associated adverse effects. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between IUDs and the risk of <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp. overgrowth. It addresses factors such as pathogenicity, the connection between IUDs and infection risk, screening before IUD insertion, diagnostic challenges of <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp., treatment options, and implications in fertility and pregnancy.