Toward multifunctional nanoplatforms based on layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for cancer therapy: From structural design to application

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), known as anionic clays structured from metal hydroxide layers bearing positive charges and embedded anions are emerging as valuable tools in the field of cancer treatment. Owing to their inherent features such as extensive surface area, adjustable structure, ion-exchange potential, and compatibility with biological systems, these materials are well-suited for encapsulating and delivering various therapeutic agents including chemotherapeutic drugs, gene-based treatments, photosensitizers (PSs), and immune-modulating compounds in a controlled manner. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the latest developments in the design, preparation, and modification of LDHs for cancer-related applications with a special focus on their use in localized therapeutic delivery, gene transfer strategies, and multimodal therapeutic approaches. A novel dimension of LDH nanotechnology lies in its evolution from passive drug carriers to multifunctional theranostic systems capable of real-time imaging, environmental responsiveness, and multi-modal treatment delivery. Emerging innovations include synergistic photothermal-chemodynamic therapy, LDH-mediated immunotherapy, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing facilitated by the pH-sensitive and protective nature of LDHs. Additionally, hybridization with other nanomaterials and integration with AI-guided design and wearable biosensor technologies are opening new frontiers in personalized cancer care. Despite challenges such as <i>in vivo</i> stability and clinical translation, LDHs present transformative potential in revolutionizing precision oncology through safer, more effective, and individualized therapeutic strategies.