Factors influencing the creative city model in Iran

The ‘Creative City’ (CC) paradigm has emerged as a prominent model for urban development; however, its effective implementation demands contextual adaptation rather than replication of global approaches. This study explores the key factors shaping the CC model in Iran, addressing the challenge of localising this concept within the country’s socio-cultural and economic framework. A systematic literature review, based on the PRISMA 2020 framework, identified 66 indicator-oriented documents. Subsequently, expert interviews refined 38 key indicators, categorised into nine components: prerequisite infrastructures, creative credibility, creative infrastructures, creative human resources, creative social atmosphere, creative policies, cultural and creative ecosystem, city recognition as a CC, and creative economy. These indicators were ranked using the fuzzy Delphi method, leading to a localised CC model structured around the creativity flow cycle in urban contexts. The findings highlight ‘cultural and unique indigenous industries’, ‘creative human capital’ and ‘socio-cultural dynamism’ as the most influential factors. These emphasise the importance of preserving cultural heritage, fostering talent, and enhancing cultural participation. The study offers a structured framework for policymakers and urban planners, providing both theoretical and practical guidance to adapt the CC paradigm to diverse contexts, and promote the development of inclusive, culturally grounded creative cities in Iran.