ASTANA AND THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION AND URBANIZATION

This article explores the role of Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, as a center for the preservation and development of cultural heritage in the context of modernization and urbanization. Building upon global scholarship on capital cities and cultural heritage, the study situated Astana within a comparative framework of relocated capitals such as Brasília, Abuja, an d Islamabad. It demonstrates how the Kazakhstani experience reflects both continuity with global patterns of symbolic nationbuilding and unique regional characteristics shaped by post-Soviet transformations. A comprehensive literature review highlights key research on world capitals (Rome, Paris, London, Beijing, Tokyo), emphasizing the integration of heritage into urban development strategies. Specific studies of Astana reveal its dual role as a modern metropolis with futuristic architecture and as a custodian of national traditions and cultural identity. Methodologically, the research combines observation, field expeditions, questionnaires, expert interviews, GIS mapping, and remote sensing techniques, complemented by comparative and content analysis. This integrated approach enabled the development of a cultural and recreational resources map of the Astana agglomeration, highlighting administrative and business districts, cultural and sports facilities, as well as suburban recreational zones within a 20-minute accessibility radius. The findings indicate that cultural heritage and values not only shape urban identity but also significantly contribute to internal and inbound tourism. Heritage -related initiatives expand leisure opportunities for local residents, strengthen social cohesion, and enhance the attractiveness of the capital as a destination. The article concludes that integrating cultural heritage management into urban planning is crucial for sustainable development and for positioning Astana as a vibrant cultural hub in Central Asia.