Study the Effect of Saponin and Terpene From Alcoholic Extract of <i>Bacopa Monnieri</i> Plant Cultivated in Iraq on Some Biological Aspects of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> Meigen (1830) (Diptera:Drosophilidae)

Drosophila melanogaster is an agricultural insect pest. The female pierces crops and lays eggs. Then, the eggs hatch, after which the larvae begin to develop inside the tissue, feeding on it and destroying it. This study, conducted from 1/11/2023 to 15/12/2024, aims to ascertain the impact of secondary chemicals, in the wild Bacopa monnieri plant cultivated in Iraq on the development of insect life cycle stages using different concentrations (2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 ppm) under laboratory conditions. The data revealed that the eggs had the highest mortality rates at 8000 ppm for saponin and terpene 78.666% and 74% respectively. The larvae had the highest mortality rates of 59% and 78.333%, while the pupa had 79.666% and 74% mortality rates. In addition to pupae dying after being treated with saponin and terpene extracts, adults have also been seen to emerge partially. The results also exhibited abnormalities in the morphology of the D. melanogaster adults when the pupae were developed into the adult stage. Furthermore, the findings indicated that saponin and terpene exhibited a repellent impact on adult D. melanogaster, with the most potent repellent effect observed at a concentration of 8000 ppm, resulting in 76.6% and 76% repellency for saponin and terpene, respectively. This study proved that saponin and terpene significantly affected all insect stages and could play an essential role in the insect’s biological control.