A tale of two lineages: comparative biogeography across the Southern Cone of two South American <i>Carex</i> (Cyperaceae) groups

We identified several geoclimatic events as key drivers of diversification. The Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum and subsequent marine transgressions probably facilitated the expansion of the C. phalaroides group ancestor beyond Patagonia. Both South American Dry Diagonals acted as major barriers, fragmentating a once broader distribution and promoting speciation through vicariance. The Andes Cordillera functioned as a south-to-north biological corridor for both Andean lineages. Following vicariance and isolation, both groups evolved broad ecological niches, reflecting adaptive specialization to diverse environments.