Synthesis of Acetylated Phenolic Compounds with Promising Antifouling Applications: An Approach to Marine and Freshwater Mussel Settlement Control

Biofouling by mussels is responsible for serious economic losses worldwide. In Argentina, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) and Brachidontes rodriguezii (d’Orbigny, 1842) are common and abundant bivalve species of great interest, inhabiting freshwater and marine coasts, respectively. Both species are considered fouling pests for coastal industrial facilities that use untreated water as part of their processes. To chemically control mussel biofouling, it is necessary to find efficient and environmentally friendly non-biocidal compounds. In this work, we report the antifouling activity of three phenolic compounds (hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol) and their respective acetylated derivatives against L. fortunei and B. rodriguezii mussels. Classic ecotoxicity tests with Artemia salina were also performed. Acetylated phenolic compounds were synthesized in the laboratory by sustainable chemistry procedures. Results revealed the importance of hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol and their diacetylated derivatives for preventing the settlement of both these mussels, in a non-biocide way. Ecotoxicity bioassays revealed that these compounds were not toxic, with the exception of resorcinol. We propose the incorporation of these compounds in solution into closed circuits and water sprinkler anti-fire systems to prevent the settlement of L. fortunei and their inclusion in antifouling paints to prevent the settlement of B. rodriguezii. These results highlight a new friendly alternative for controlling mussels.